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IJIRST Journal October issue-2017

International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology

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International Journal for Innovative Research in Science and Technology (IJIRST)

A Time Domain Reference-Algorithm for Shunt Active Power Filters

A Time Domain Reference-Algorithm for Shunt Active Power Filters

Author Name:- Prof. Sumita D Chakrabortty

Abstract:- The aim of this paper is to identify an optimum control strategy of three-phase shunt active filters to minimize the total harmonic distortion factor of the supply current Power Quality (PQ) is an important measure of an electrical power system. The term PQ means to maintain purely sinusoidal current wave form in phase with a purely sinusoidal voltage wave form. The power generated at the generating station is purely sinusoidal in nature. The deteriorating quality of electric power is mainly because of current and voltage harmonics due to wide spread application of static power electronics converters, zero and negative sequence components originated by the use of single phase and unbalanced loads, reactive power, voltage sag, voltage swell, flicker, voltage interruption etc. The simulation and the experimental results of the shunt active filter, along with the estimated value of reduction in rating, show that the shunt filtering system is quite effective in compensating for the harmonics and reactive power, in addition to being cost-effective.   

Keywords: Shunt voltage inverter APF, Time domain, instantaneous active power, carrier based PWM, Control strategy etc.

I.     Introduction

The wide use of power devices (based on semi-conductor switches) in power electronic appliances (diode and thyristor rectifiers, electronic starters, UPS and HVDC systems, arc furnaces, etc…) induces the appearance of the dangerous phenomenon of harmonic currents flow in the electrical feeder networks, producing distortions in the current/voltage waveforms. As a result, harmful consequences occur: equipment overheating, malfunction of solid-state material, interferences with telecommunication systems, etc... Damping harmonics devices must be investigated when the distortion rate exceeds the thresholds fixed by the ICE 61000 and IEEE 519 standards. For a long time, tuned LC and high pass shunt passive filters were adopted as a viable harmonics cancellation solution.

II.    Shunt active filtering algorithms

The control algorithm used to generate the reference compensation signals for the active power filter determines its effectiveness. The control scheme derives the compensation signals using voltage and/or current signals sensed from the system. The control algorithm may be based on frequency domain techniques or time domain techniques. In frequency domain, the compensation signals are computed using Fourier analysis of the input voltage/current signals. In time domain, the instantaneous values of the compensation voltages/currents are derived from the sensed values of input signals. There are a large number of control algorithms in time domain such as the instantaneous PQ algorithm, synchronous detection algorithm, synchronous reference frame algorithm and DC bus voltage algorithm. The instantaneous PQ algorithm by Akagi  is based on Park’s transformation of input voltage and current signals from which instantaneous active and reactive powers are calculated to arrive at the compensation signals. This scheme is most widely used because of its fast dynamic response but gives inaccurate results under distorted and asymmetrical source conditions.

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Evaluation of Response Reduction Factor using Nonlinear Analysis #IJIRST Journal

Paper Title:- Evaluation of Response Reduction Factor using Nonlinear Analysis 

Author Name:- Tia Toby

Department of Civil Engineering

Abstract:- The main objective of the study is to evaluate the response reduction factor of RC frames. We know that the actual earthquake force is considerably higher than what the structures are designed for. The structures can't be designed for the actual value of earthquake intensity as the cost of construction will be too high. The actual intensity of earthquake is reduced by a factor called response reduction factor R. The value of R depends on ductility factor, strength factor, structural redundancy and damping. The concept of R factor is based on the observations that well detailed seismic framing systems can sustain large inelastic deformation without collapse and have excess of lateral strength over design strength. Here the nonlinear static analysis is conducted on regular and irregular RC frames considering OMRF and SMRF to calculate the response reduction factor and the codal provisions for the same is critically evaluated. 

Keywords: Response Reduction Factor, Ductility Factor, Strength Factor, Nonlinear Analysis, Regular and Irregular Frames, OMRF, SMRF

I.    Introduction

The devastating potential of an earthquake can have major consequences on infrastructures and lifelines. In the past few years, the earthquake engineering community has been reassessing its procedures, in the wake of devastating earthquakes which have caused extensive damage, loss of life and property. These procedures involve assessment of seismic force demands on the structure and then developing design procedures for the structure to withstand the applied actions Seismic design follows the same procedure, except for the fact that inelastic deformations may be utilized to absorb certain levels of energy leading to reduction in the forces for which structures are designed. This leads to the creation of the Response Modification Factor (R factor); the all-important parameter that accounts for over-strength, energy absorption and dissipation as well as structural capacity to redistribute forces from inelastic highly stressed regions to other less stressed locations in the structure. This factor is unique and different for different type of structures and materials used. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the response reduction factor of a RC frame designed and detailed as per Indian standards IS 456, IS 1893 and IS 13920.The codal provisions for the same will be critically evaluated. Moreover parametric studies will be done on both regular and irregular buildings and finally a comparison of R value between OMRF and SMRF is also done.

II.  Definition of r factor and its components

During an earthquake, the structures may experience certain inelasticity, the R factor defines the levels of inelasticity. The R factor is allowed to reflect a structures capability of dissipating energy via inelastic behavior. The statically determinate structures response to stress will be linear until yielding takes place. But the behavioral change in structure from elastic to inelastic occurs as the yielding prevails and linear elastic structural analysis can no longer be applied. The seismic energy exerted by the structure is too high which makes the cost of designing a structure based on elastic spectrum too high. To reduce the seismic loads, IS 1893 introduces a “response reduction factor” R. So in order to obtain the exact response, it is recommended to perform Nonlinear analysis. In actual speaking R factor is a measure of overstrength and redundancy. It may be defined as a function of various parameters of the structural system, such as strength, ductility, damping and redundancy.

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Study on the Ductile Characteristics of Hybrid Ferrocement Slab #IJIRST Journal

Author Name:- Rahul Reddy

Department of Civil Engineering

Poojya Doddappa Appa college of Engineering, Kalaburagi – 585102, Karnataka, India

Abstract:- This paper presents the ductile characteristics of hybrid Ferro cement slab incorporating polypropylene fibres and GFRP sheet. A total of 9 slab have been tested under two point flexural loading. The size of the slab is 1000 mm(length) x1000 mm(width) x 60 mm(thickness). The parameters studied in this investigation includes the number of weld mesh layers, polypropylene fibres i.e (0.3%) and GFRP sheet. from the studies, it is observed that the load carrying capacity and deformation. The stiffness of the specimens with zero layer weld mesh is lower than that of the specimens with two layers and three layers bundled. Further, there is reduction in number of cracks with increase in fibre content.

Keyword:- Ferrocement Slabs, GFRP Wrapping, Fibre Reinforcement, Ductility Factors, Crack Pattern

I.       Introduction

The development of new technology in the material science is progressing rapidly. In recent two or three decades, a lot research was carried out throughout globe for how to improve the performance of concrete in terms of strength and durability qualities. consequently concrete has no longer remained as a construction material. A new material consisting of wire meshes and cement mortar called ferrocement. it is one of the construction materials which may be able to fill the need for building light structures. ferrocement composite consist of cement-sand mortar and single or multi-layers of steel wire mesh to produce elements of small thickness having high durability, and when properly shaped it has high strength and rigidity. These thin elements can be shaped to produce structural members such as folded plates, flanged beams, wall pane,. etc for use in the construction of cheap structures. Ferro cement elements are generally more ductile when compared to conventional reinforced concrete elements but post peak portion of load- deflection curve in bending test of Ferro cement elements reveals that failure occur  either due to mortar failure in compression or due to failure of extreme layers of mesh.  From the above discussions, it can be noted that, research work out on the ductile behavior of hybrid ferrocement slab with fibre. The present Investigation is aimed at to investigate the ductile behavior of hybrid ferrocement slabs with and without Considering the effect of fibres.  Compared with the conventional reinforced concrete, ferrocement is reinforced in two directions; therefore, it has homogenous-isotropic properties in two directions. Benefiting from its usual high reinforcement ratio, ferrocement generally has a high tensile strength and a high modulus of rupture. In addition, since the specific surface of reinforcement in ferrocement is one to two orders of magnitude higher than that of reinforced concrete, larger bond forces develop with the matrix resulting in average crack spacing and width more than one order of magnitude smaller than in conventional reinforced concrete (Shah and Naaman 1997, Guerra et al 1978). Other appealing features of ferrocement include ease of prefabrication and low cost in maintenance and repair. Based on the abovementioned advantages, the typical applications of ferrocement are water tanks, boats, housing wall panel, roof, formwork and sunscreen (Nimityongskul et al 1980 and Kadir 1997).. Ferrocement over the years have gained respect in terms of its superior performance and versatility. Ferrocement is a form of reinforced concrete using closely spaced multiple layers of mesh and/or small diameter rods completely infiltrated with, or encapsulated in, mortar. In 1940 Pier Luigi Nervy, an Italian engineer, architect and contractor, used ferrocement first for the construction of aircraft hangars, boats and buildings and a variety of other structures. It is a very durable, cheap and versatile material.

II.       Experimental investigation

The experimental investigation consists of testing of nine hybrid ferrocement slabs. the Variables Considered In The Study(I) Numbers Of Welded Square Mesh Reinforcement.(ii) Percentage of polypropylene fibres in mortar.(iii) Number of GFRP layer wrapping. The details of experimental studies including characterization are presented below.

A.      Materials Used

The materials that are used in this experiment are cement, steel fiber, fine aggregate, super plasticizer and water.

1)     Cement:

OPC 53 grade cement from a single batch has been used throughout the course of the project work, properties of cement are shown in table 2.

For more information go on below link.

http://ijirst.org/Article.php?manuscript=IJIRSTV2I4006

Applications and Challenges of Human Activity Recognition using Sensors in a Smart Environment #IJIRST Journal

Author name:- Jubil T Sunny

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering and Technology, Palai, Kerala, India

Abstract:- We are currently using smart phone sensors to detect physical activities. The sensors which are currently being used are accelerometer, gyroscope, barometer, etc. Recently, smart phones, equipped with a rich set of sensors, are explored as alternative platforms for human activity recognition. Automatic recognition of physical activities – commonly referred to as human activity recognition (HAR) – has emerged as a key research area in human-computer interaction (HCI) and mobile and ubiquitous computing. One goal of activity recognition is to provide information on a user’s behavior that allows computing systems to proactively assist users with their tasks. Human activity recognition requires running classification algorithms, originating from statistical machine learning techniques. Mostly, supervised or semi-supervised learning techniques are utilized and such techniques rely on labeled data, i.e., associated with a specific class or activity. In most of the cases, the user is required to label the activities and this, in turn, increases the burden on the user. Hence, user- independent training and activity recognition are required to foster the use of human activity recognition systems where the system can use the training data from other users in classifying the activities of a new subject.

Keyword:- Human Activity Recognition

I.       Introduction

Mobile phones or smart phones are rapidly becoming the central computer and communication device in people’s lives. Smart phones, equipped with a rich set of sensors, are explored as an alternative platform for human activity recognition in the ubiquitous computing domain. Today’s Smartphone not only serves as the key computing and communication mobile device of choice, but it  also comes with a rich set of embedded sensors [1], such as an accelerometer, digital compass, gyroscope, GPS, microphone, and camera. Collectively, these sensors are enabling new applications across a wide variety of domains, such as healthcare, social networks, safety, environmental monitoring, and transportation, and give rise to a new area of research called mobile phone sensing. Human activity recognition systems using different sensing modalities, such as cameras or wearable inertial sensors, have been an active field of research. Besides the inclusion of sensors, such as accelerometer, compass, gyroscope, proximity, light, GPS, microphone, camera, the ubiquity, and unobtrusiveness of the phones and the availability of different wireless interfaces, such as WI-Fi, 3G and Bluetooth, make them an attractive platform for human activity recognition. The current research in activity monitoring and reasoning has mainly targeted elderly people, or sportsmen and patients with chronic conditions.

The percentage of elderly people in today’s societies keep on growing. As a consequence, the problem of supporting older adults in loss of cognitive autonomy who wish to continue living independently in their home as opposed to being forced to live in a hospital. Smart environments have been developed in order to provide support to the elderly people or people with risk factors who wish to continue living independently in their homes, as opposed to live in an institutional care. In order to be a smart environment, the house should be able to detect what the occupant is doing in terms of one’s daily activities. It should also be able to detect possible emergency situations. Furthermore, once such a system is completed and fully operational, it should be able to detect anomalies or deviations in the occupant’s routine, which could indicate a decline in his abilities. In order to obtain accurate results, as much information as possible must be retrieved from the environment, enabling the system to locate and track the supervised person in each moment, to detect the position of the limbs and the objects the person interacts or has the intention to interact with. Sometimes, details like gaze direction or hand gestures [1] can provide important information in the process of analyzing the human activity. Thus, the supervised person must be located in a smart environment, equipped with devices such as sensors, multiple view cameras or speakers.

Although smart phone devices are powerful tools, they are still passive communication enablers rather than active assistive devices from the user’s point of view. The next step is to introduce intelligence into these platforms to allow them to proactively assist users in their everyday activities. One method of accomplishing this is by integrating situational awareness and context recognition into these devices. Smart phones represent an attractive platform for activity recognition, providing built-in sensors and powerful processing units. They are capable of detecting complex everyday activities of the user (i.e. Standing, walking, biking) or the device (i.e.  Calling), and they are able to exchange information with other devices and systems using a large variety of data communication channels.

Mobile phone sensing is still in its infancy. There is little or no consensus on the sensing architecture for the phone. Common methods for collecting and sharing data need to be developed. Mobile phones cannot be overloaded with continuous sensing commitments that undermine the performance of the phone (e.g., by depleting battery power). It is not clear what architectural components [4] should run on the phone. Individual mobile phones collect raw sensor data from sensors embedded in the phone. Information is extracted from the sensor data by applying machine learning and data mining techniques. These operations occur either directly on the phone. Where these components run could be governed by various architectural considerations, such as privacy, providing user real-time feedback, reducing communication cost between the phone and cloud, available computing resources, and sensor fusion requirements.The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section II presents some existing methods. Section III describes important sensors used for human activity recognition. Chapter IV represents various challenges and applications of activity recognition. Conclusions are presented in Chapter V.

For more information go on below link.

http://ijirst.org/Article.php?manuscript=IJIRSTV2I4024

Design and Modeling of Drum Handling Equipment #IJIRST

Title: Designand Modeling of Drum Handling Equipment

Abstract:- This paper presents the use of drum handling equipment in the industries to reduce worker for drum handling. Material handling effect on human studied in this paper. Also study different material handling equipment used in industries.

Keywords: Industries, Material Handlings, Material Handling Hazards

I.       Introduction

In many industries raw material and finished product handled in 210Lit. Drum. They handle drum manually. In work place drum transported, lifted, Loaded, tilted etc. manually. Handling heavy load manually takes more time, also it is hazards and risky. In small pharmaceutical company around 25 different type of raw material use. It is in liquid form which is taken out from 210lit. Drum by loading on horizontal stand. Company requires effective material handling equipment to solve material handling problem.  

Manual drum handling equipment is used to do various function like transport, tilting, lifting, loading, unloading etc. In small industries or work shop drum barrel is handled manually which takes more time and more worker. Handling drum manually without using any equipment is hazards.           

Manual handling is transporting or supporting of a load by one or more workers. It includes the following activities: lifting, holding, putting down, pushing, pulling, carrying or moving of a load.1 The load can be an animate (people or animals) or inanimate (boxes, tools etc.) object.

Manual handling occurs in almost all working environments (factories, warehouses, building sites, farms, hospitals, offices etc.). It can include lifting boxes at a packaging line, handling construction materials, pushing carts, handling patients in hospitals, and cleaning. 

II.       Concept

In this, following objectives are to be carried out –

1.  To minimize worker for Drum transporting, loading, unloading, lifting and tilting process.
2.  To study material handling equipment for Drum handling.
3.  To study the lifting and loading effect on human.
4.   To study the ergonomic of material handling.
5.  To Design modified drum tilting mechanism.
6.  To fabricate prototype model.
7.  Testing and conclusion.

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Automatic Vs. Selective Criteria based Policy Network Extraction over Routers Data

Abstract:- Policy networks are generally utilized by political scientists and economists to clarify different financial and social phenomena, for example, the advancement of associations between political elements or foundations from diverse levels of administration. The examination of policy networks requires a prolonged manual steps including meetings and polls. In this paper, we proposed an automatic procedure for evaluating the relations between on-screen characters in policy networks utilizing web documents of other digitally documented information gathered from the web. The proposed technique incorporate website page information extraction, out-links. The proposed methodology is programmed and does not require any outside information source, other than the documents that relate to the political performers. The proposal assesses both engagement and disengagement for both positive and negative (opposing) performer relations. The proposed algorithm is tested on the political science writing from routers document database collections. Execution is measured regarding connection and mean square error between the human appraised and the naturally extricated relations.

Keywords: Policy Networks, Social Networks, Relatedness Metrics, Similarity Metrics, Web Search, Policy Actors, Link Analysis

I.       Introduction

The expression "network" is much of the time used to depict groups of various types of actor who are connected together in political, social or economic concerns. Networks may be loosely organized but must be capable for spreading data or participating in aggregate activity. The structure of these networks are frequently unclear or dynamic, or both. In any case developing such networks are required because it reflects how present day society, society and economy are related. Linkages between different organizations, have turned into the important aspect for some social scientists. The term policy network implies “a  cluster  of  actors,  each  of  which  has  an  interest,  or “stake” in a given…policy sector and the capacity to help determine policy success or failure” [1] on other words definition of a policy network, “as a set of relatively stable relationships which are of non-hierarchical and interdependent nature linking a variety of actors, who share common interests with regard to apolicy and who exchange resources to pursue these shared interests acknowledging that co-operations the best way to achieve common goals” [3]. Examiners of governance are often try to clarify policy results by examining that how networks, which relates between stakeholders over policy plan and point of interest, are organized in a specific segment. The policy networks are also acknowledged as to be an important analytical tool to analyze the relations amongst the actors who are interacting with each other in a selected policy area. Furthermore it can also be used as a technique of social structure analysis. Overall it can be said that policy networks provide a useful toolbox for analyzing public policy-making[2]. Although the policy networks are required for analysis of different relations however it is difficult to extract it because of the fact that policymaking involves a large number and wide variety of actors, which makes this taskvery time consuming and complex task.Considering the importance of policy networks and knowing that there is not any computational technique available for efficiently and automatically extracting the policy network in this paper we are presenting an efficient approach for it.

II.    Related work on policy network

The application of computational analysis for large sized datasetasgaining popularity in the recent past. Because of most of the relation documents are available in digital format and also it makes the process automated and fast. Since the policy networks is a kind of structure which presents the relations amongst the actors which are presented in documents as “name” or known words and the sentence in the text describes the relations between them hence the extraction technique in the basic form contains text data mining techniques, or it can be said that it is an extension of text and web mining, like Michael Laver et al [14] presented a new technique for extracting policy relations from political texts that treats texts not as sentences to be analyzed but rather, as data in the form of individual words. Kenneth Benoit et al [13] presented the computer word scoring for the same task. Their experiment on Irish Election shows that a statistical analysis of the words in related texts in terms of relations are well able to describe the relations amongst the parties on key policy considerations. They also evaluated that for such estimations the knowledge of the language in which the text were written is not required, because it calculates the mutual relations not the meaning of words. The WORDFISH scaling algorithm to estimate policy positions using the word counts in the related texts. This method allows investigators to detect position of parties in one or multiple elections. Their analysis on German political parties from 1990 to 2005 using this technique in party manifestos shows that the extracted positions reflectchanges in the party system very precisely. In addition, the method allows investigators to inspect which words are significant for placing parties on the opposite positions finally the words with strong political associations are the best for differentiate between parties. As already discussed that Semantic difference of documents are important for characterizing their differences and is also useful in policy network extraction. Krishnamurthy KoduvayurViswanathanet al [7] describe several text-based similarity metrics to estimate the relation between Semantic Web documents and evaluate these metrics for specific cases of similarity.Elias Iosif et al [6] presented web-based metrics for semantic similarity calculation between words which are appeared on the web documents. The context-based metrics use a web documents and then exploit the retrieved related information for the words of interest. The algorithms can be applied to other languages and do not require any pre-annotated knowledge resources.

III.  Similarity computation techniques in documents

Metrics that live linguistics similarity between words or terms will be classified into four main classes relying if information resources area unit used or not[5]:

-        Supervised resource based mostly metrics, consulting solely human-built data resources, like ontologies.

-        Supervised knowledge-rich text-mining metrics, i.e., metrics that perform text mining relying conjointly on data resources,

-        Unsupervised co-occurrence metrics, i.e., unsupervised metrics that assume that the linguistics similarity among words or terms will be expressed by associate association quantitative relation that could be a measure of their co-occurrence.

-        Unsupervised text-based metrics, i.e., metrics that square measure absolutely text-based and exploit the context or proximity of words or terms to cipher linguistics similarity.

The last 2 classes of metrics don't use any language resources or skilled data, each rely solely on mutual relations, hence in this sense, the metrics are brought up as “unsupervised”; no linguistically labeled human-annotated information is needed to calculate the semantic distance between words or terms.

Resource-based and knowledge-rich text mining metrics, however, use such knowledge, and square measure henceforward stated as “supervised” metrics. Many resource-based strategies are planned within the literature that use, e.g., Word-Net, for linguistics similarity computation.

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Modeling of Student’s Performance Evaluation

Abstract:- We proposed a Fuzzy Model System (FMS) for student performance evaluation. A suitable fuzzy inference mechanism has been discussed in the paper. We mentioned how fuzzy principal can be applying in student performance prediction. This model can be useful for educational organization, educators, teachers, and students also. We proposed this model especially for first year students who need some extraordinary monitoring to their performance. Modeling based on the past academic result and on some information they earlier submitted for admission purposes.

Keywords: Fuzzy Logic, Membership Functions, Academic Evaluation

I.       Introduction

Success rate of any Educational Institute or Organization may depend upon the prior evaluation of student’s performance. They use different method for student’s performance evaluation usually any educational organization use grading system on the basis of academic performance especially higher education. We can involve other key points to evaluating student performance such as communication skill, marketing skill, leadership skill etc.

Performance evaluation can provide information. Information generated by evaluation can be helpful for students, teachers, educators etc. to take decisions.[6] In corporate field employers highly concern about all mentioned skill. If an educational institute involve other than academic performance for evaluation then it will be beneficial for students as well as organization also.

A.      Traditional Evaluation Method

Traditionally student’s performance evaluate done by academic performance like class assignment, model exams, Yearly etc. This Primary technique involves either numerical value like 6.0 to 8.0 which may call grade point average or 60% to 80% i.e average percentage. Some organization also using linguistic terms like pass, fail, supply for performance evaluation. Such kind of evaluation scheme depends upon criteria which are decided by experienced evaluators. So that evaluation may be approximate.

The objective of this paper is to present a model .which may be very useful for teachers, organization and students also. It helps to better understanding weak points which acts as a barrier in student’s progress.

B.      Method Used

Fuzzy logic can be described by fuzzy set. It provide reasonable method / technique through input and output process fig[1].Fuzzy set can be defined by class of object, there is no strident margins for object[1].A fuzzy set formed by combination of linguistic variable using linguistic modifier.

Linguistic Modifier is link to numerical value and linguistic variable [2]. In our work linguistic variable is performance and linguistic modifiers are good, very good, excellent, and outstanding.

For more information go to below link.

http://ijirst.org/Article.php?manuscript=IJIRSTV2I3022

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Know about it : Big Data is Transforming Sports #IJIRST

This article was originally published on The Conversation. The publication contributed this article to Live Science's Expert Voices: Op-Ed & Insights.

In sport we don’t just want to know who won. We now want to know how to replicate success and then improve on it. And to do this, we’re using data – and lots of it. The field of “big data” analytics has come to sport and athletics, with massive implications for sport as we know it.

IJIRST 1.638

The Women’s Tennis Association recently approved real-time data capture, which means that court-side coaches can now advise their players during a match on best shot placement or serve direction using little more than a smartphone or tablet. It could be argued that this detracts from a player using their instincts to make their own decisions. But it means that to tennis fans watching, it’s easier to understand what makes a good player great and why their opponent lost, while players have an even keener competitive edge.

International Journal for Innovative Research in Science and Technology (IJIRST) is a one of the popular international multidisciplinary, open access, peer-reviewed, fully refereed journal. It is an international journal that aims to contribute to the constant innovative research and training, so as to promote research in the field of science and technology.

Impact Factor: 1.638

New Camera Sensor Eliminates Need for Flash #IJIRST

#IJIRST - Impact factor 1.638

No flash? No problem. A new imaging sensor could soon make it possible for photographers to take clear, sharp photos, even in dim lighting.

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Created by a team of researchers at Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in Singapore, the new sensor is highly sensitive to both visible and infrared light, which means it could be used in everything from the family Nikon to surveillance and satellite cameras.

IJIRST - IMPACT FACTOR 1.638

The sensor, which is 1,000 times more sensitive to light than the imaging sensors of most of today's cameras, gets this high photoresponse from its innovative structure.

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360-Degree Infrared Vision : #IJIRST

Thermal Radar

Photograph by Ralph Smith

Michael Dortch was building video surveillance trailers for industrial parks in Colorado when his clients started asking for near-omniscient views of their properties. They wanted to see intruders in the dark from all angles, but such coverage required up to seven thermal infrared cameras and cost more than $100,000. So Dortch and a colleague spent four years developing a cheaper, more capable alternative. Their Thermal Radar system provides 360-degree infrared coverage that can spot people, fires, vehicles, and more.

main article : click here to view 

The heart of the invention is a single, spinning thermal sensor. Onboard processors constantly stitch images together for a refreshing panoramic video feed, and intelligent software finds threats.

A finished unit will cost about $16,000—many times cheaper than any system that comes close—and should be ready for its debut later this year. The first and biggest market will be corporate security. But the forest service, the Utah Department of Transportation, and even the Pentagon, Dortch says, also have his invention on their radar. how it works

Innovation Redefined... #IJIRST

IJIRST.org | Energy Efficient Compressed Air Production System

 Energy Efficient Compressed Air Production System

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Compressed air is often referred to as the fourth utility. We all know the generation of compressed air consumes energy but at the same time the compressor and downstream components are often neglected, which means there are significant savings to be made. It is suggested that savings of around 33 % on average in a compressed air system are possible. It follows that cost effective compressed air production is energy efficient compressed air production, as energy is by far the biggest lifetime cost factor.Many of the different levers for cost reduction may be known, but just not applied, due to lack of knowledge about the financial savings possible. This paper shows and explains the different ways to efficient compressed air production (leakages, compressor selection, pressure losses) and gives simple calculation examples that are easy to follow and to be reproduced in your compressed air stations.

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Ijirst Journal | Issue 4 | September 2014

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Ijirst.org | Issue 4 | September 2014

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 Image Compression using STW and WDR Wavelets

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Abstract :

This paper presents the wavelet techniques used for compression and uncompression of gray scale and true color images. The valid compression methods are STW (Spatial Orientation Tree Wavelet), WDR(Wavelet Difference Reduction) used in this paper,   We are using bior 4.4 wavelet for image compression.In this paper Comparison of different quality assessment metrics for the enhancement and compression techniques are carried out. This comparison is done on the basis of subjective and objective parameters. Subjective parameter is visual quality and objective parameters are Peak signal-to- noise ratio (PSNR), Compression Ratio (CR), Mean square error (MSE), L2-norm ratio, Bits per pixel (BPP) and Maximum error. 

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International Journal for Innovative Research in Science and Technology (IJIRST)

International Journal for Innovative Research in Science and Technology (IJIRST) is a one of the popular international multidisciplinary, open access, peer-reviewed, fully refereed journal. It is an international journal that aims to contribute to the constant innovative research and training, so as to promote research in the field of science and technology.

IJIRST is a monthly international journal publishing the finest peer-reviewed research and review articles in all fields of Science and technology. IJIRST follows stringent guidelines to select the manuscripts on the basis of its originality, importance, timeliness, accessibility, grace and astonishing conclusions. IJIRST is also popular for rapid publication of accepted manuscripts.

IJIRST also aims to reach a large number of audiences worldwide with original and current research work completed on the vital issues of the above important disciplines.

To set a landmark by encouraging publication of quality Innovative research and review in all streams of Science and technology.

The journal covers all areas of science, engineering and technology. We publish original and innovative research articles, review articles and technical notes. The journal reviews papers within two weeks of submission and publishes accepted articles on the internet immediately upon receiving the final versions. Our fast reviewing process is our strength.

The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of innovative research and scientific excellence. To submit your manuscript please visits online submission of our website. I hope you find this journal informative and useful. It is a new initiative. Your comments will help us to improve the quality and content of the journal.

We accept only those manuscripts which are submitted through online submission procedure, available at our website. It is one step easy and fast process of submission which will give rapid processing to your submitted articles.

To submit manuscript through online procedure, please register yourself by filling simple registration form and enjoy the benefits of our services.

For More Details

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