Regarding New Impact factor = 4.371

International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology

New Impact Factor Received.
Latest Impact Factor : 4.371(Year-2016) 
International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology
Click here for more Details : www.ijirst.org

Retrofitting of Reinforced Concrete Beam with Externally Bonded CFRP

Title:- Retrofitting of Reinforced Concrete Beam with Externally Bonded CFRP

Author Name:- J. Gopi Krishna

Abstract:- In our country many of the existing reinforced concrete structures are in need of repair or reconstruction, rehabilitation, because of deterioration due to various factors like corrosion, lack of detailing, failure of bonding between beam-column joints, increase in service loads, improper design and unexpected external lateral loads such as wind or seismic forces acting on a structure, environment and accident events etc., leading to cracking, spalling, loss of strength, deflection, etc. Strengthening of existing reinforced concrete structures is necessary to obtain an expected life span and achieve specific requirements. The need for efficient rehabilitation and strengthening techniques of existing concrete structures has resulted in research and development of composite strengthening systems. Recent experimental and analytical research have demonstrated that the use of composite materials for retrofitting existing structural components is more cost-effective and requires less effort and time than the traditional means. Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite has been accepted in the construction industry as a capable substitute for repairing and strengthening of RCC structures. The superior properties of (FRP) polymer composite materials like high corrosion resistance, high strength, high stiffness, excellent fatigue performance and good resistance to chemical attack etc., has motivated the researchers and practicing engineers to use the polymer composites in the field of rehabilitation of structures. During past two decades, much research has been carried out on shear and flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using different types of fiber reinforced polymers and adhesives. A detailed Literature review based on the previous experimental and analytical research on retrofitting of reinforced concrete beams is presented. Proposed method of strengthening the RC beam is decided based on the previous experimental and analytical research. Behaviors of retrofitted reinforced concrete beams with externally bonded CFRP with various types of resins (Epoxy, Orthophthalic Resin (GP), ISO resin) after initial load (60 % control beam) is investigated. Static load responses of all the beams under two point load method had evaluated in terms of flexural strength, crack observation, compositeness between CFRP fabric and concrete, and the associated failure modes.  

Keywords: Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP), CFRP fabric, reinforced concrete structures

I.   Introduction

Concrete is the most widely used man-made construction material in world. It is obtained by mixing cementing materials, water and aggregates, and sometimes admixtures is required proportions. Concrete has high compressive strength, low cost and abundant raw material, but its tensile strength is very low. Reinforced concrete, which is concrete with steel bars embedded in it. Concrete is an affordable material, which is extensively used throughout in the infrastructure of nation’s construction, industry, transportation, defense, utility, and residential sector. The flexibility and mould ability of this material, its high compressive strength, and the discovery of the reinforcing and prestressing techniques which helped to make up for its low tensile strength have contributed largely to its widespread use.

     Reinforced concrete structures often have to face modification and improvement of their performance during their service life. In such circumstances there are two possible solutions. The first is replacement and the other is retrofitting. Full structure replacement might have determinate disadvantages such as high costs for material and labour, a stronger environmental impact and inconvenience due to interruption of the function of the structure e.g. traffic problems. So if possible, it is often better to repair or upgrade the structure by retrofitting. Retrofitting methods is shown in figure 2.1.1. In recent years repair and retrofit of existing structures such as buildings, bridges, etc., have been quite prevalent among the most important challenges in Civil Engineering. 

II.  Methodology and experimental program

This study is mainly material collection, material testing, mix design casting of cubes At last the final stage the, compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength tests were conducted.

For more Information Click Here

Performance Assessment for Students using Different Defuzzification Techniques # IJIRST India

Paper Title:- Performance Assessment for Students using Different Defuzzification Techniques

Author Name:- Anjana Pradeep, Jeena Thomas

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Abstract:- The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of students using a fuzzy expert system. The fuzzy process is based solely on the principle of taking non-precise inputs on the factors affecting the performance of students and subjecting them to fuzzy arithmetic to obtain a crisp value of the performance. The system classifies each student's performance by considering various factors using fuzzy logic. Aimed at improving the performance of fuzzy system, several defuzzification methods other than the built methods in MATLAB have been devised in this system for producing more accurate and quantifiable result.  This study provides comparison and in depth examination of various defuzzification techniques like Weighted Average Formula (WAF), WAF-max method and Quality Method (QM). A new defuzzification method named as Max-QM which is extended from Quality method that falls within the general framework is also given and commented upon in this study.      

Keywords: Fuzzy logic, Fuzzy Expert System, Defuzzification, Weighted Average Formula, Quality Method 

I.   Introduction

An expert system is a software program that can be used to solve complex reasoning tasks that usually require a (human) expert. In other words, an expert system should help a novice, or partly experienced, problem solver, to match acknowledged experts in the particular domain of problem solving that the system is designed to assist. To be more specific, expert systems are generally conceptualized as shown in Fig 1. The user makes an interaction through the interface system and the system questions the user through the same interface in order to obtain the vital information upon which a decision is to be made. Behind this interface, there are two other sub-systems viz. the knowledge base, which is made up of all the domain-specific knowledge that human experts use when solving that category of problems and the inference engine, a system that performs the necessary reasoning and uses knowledge from the knowledge base in order to come to a judgment with respect to the problem modelled [1].

     Expert system has been playing a major role in many disciplines such as in medicines, assist physician in diagnosis of diseases, in agriculture for crop management, insect control, in space technology and  in power systems for fault diagnosis[5]. Some expert systems have been developed to replace human experts and to aid humans. The use of an expert system is increasing day by day in today’s world [40]. Expert systems are becoming an integral part of engineering education and even other courses like accounting and management are also accepting them as a better way of teaching[4].Another feature that makes expert system more demanding for students is its ability to adaptively adjust the training for each particular student on the bases of individual students learning pace. This feature can be used more effectively in teaching engineering students. It should be able to monitor student’s progress and make a decision about the next step in training.

Fig. 1: Expert system structure

        The few expert systems available in the market present a lot of opportunities for the students who desire more spotlight and time to learn the subjects. Some expert systems present an interactive and friendly environment for students which encourage them to study and adopt a more practical approach towards learning. The expert systems can also act as an assistor or substitute for the teacher. Expert systems focus on each student individually and also keep track of their learning pace. This behavior of an expert system provides autonomous learning procedure for both student and teacher, where teachers act as mentor and students can judge their own performance. Expert system is not only beneficial for the students but also for the teachers which help them guiding students in a better way.

        The integration of fuzzy logic with an expert system enhances its capability and is called a fuzzy expert system, as it is useful for solving real world problems which do not require a precise solution. So, there is a need to develop a fuzzy expert system as it can handle imprecise data efficiently and reduces the manual working while enhancing the use of expert system[40].

      There are various factors inside and outside college that results in poor quality of academic performance of students[2,3]. To determine all the influencing factors in a single effort is a complex and difficult task. It necessitates a lot of resources and time for an educator to identify all these factors first and then plan the classroom activities and approaches of teaching and learning. It also requires appropriate training, organizational planning and skills to conduct such studies for determining the contributing factors inside and outside college. This process of identification of determinants must be given full attention and priority so that the teachers may be able to develop instructional strategies for making sure that all the students be provided with the opportunities to attain at their fullest potential in learning and performance.  By using suitable statistical package it was found that communication, learning facilities, proper guidance and family stress were the factors that affect the student performance. Communication, learning facilities and proper guidance showed a positive impact on student performance and family stress showed a negative impact on student performance. It is indicated that communication is more important factor that affect the student performance than learning facilities and proper guidance [3].

      In this research article seven most important factors are included which affect the students’ performance. These are personal factors, college environment, family factors, and university factors, teaching factors, attendance and marks obtained by students. All these factors are scaled and ranked based on the various sub-factors that are further divided from the base factors. In this study the students’ marks have been focused and not solely on social, economic, and cultural features.  To evaluate students’ performance, fuzzy expert system has been developed by considering all the seven factors as inputs to the system. This system has been developed by taking the data of students collected from St. Josephs College of Engineering and Technology, Palai affiliated to M.G University.

For more Information CLICK HERE

A Review on Thermal Insulation and Its Optimum Thickness to Reduce Heat Loss

Title:- A Review on Thermal Insulation and Its Optimum Thickness to Reduce Heat Loss

Author Name: Dinesh Kumar Sahu, Prakash Kumar Sen, Gopal Sahu, Ritesh Sharma, Shailendra Bohidar

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Kirodimal Institute of Technology, Raigarh (C.G.)

Abstract:- An understanding of the mechanisms of heat transfer is becoming increasingly important in today’s world. Conduction and convection heat transfer phenomena are found throughout virtually all of the physical world and the industrial domain. A thermal insulator is a poor conductor of heat and has a low thermal conductivity. In this paper we studied that Insulation is used in buildings and in manufacturing processes to prevent heat loss or heat gain. Although its primary purpose is an economic one, it also provides more accurate control of process temperatures and protection of personnel. It prevents condensation on cold surfaces and the resulting corrosion. We also studied that critical radius of insulation is a radius at which the heat loss is maximum and above this radius the heat loss reduces with increase in radius. We also gave the concept of selection of economical insulation material and optimum thickness of insulation that give minimum total cost.       

Keywords: Heat, Conduction, Convection, Heat Loss, Insulation

I.    Introduction

Heat flow is an inevitable consequence of contact between objects of differing temperature. Thermal insulation provides a region for insulation in which thermal conduction is reduced or thermal radiation is reflected rather than absorbed by the lower temperature body. To change the temperature of an object, energy is required in the form of heat generation to increase the temperature, or heat extraction to reduce the temperature. Once the heat generation or heat extraction is terminated a reverse flow of heat occurs to reverse the temperature back to ambient. To maintain a given temperature considerable continuous energy is required. Insulation will reduce this energy loss.

     Heat may be transferred in three mechanisms: conduction, convection and radiation. Thermal conduction is the molecular transport of heat under the effect of temperature gradient. Convection mechanism of heat occurs in liquids and gases, whereby the flow processes transfer heat. Free convection is flow caused by the differences in density as a result of temperature differences. Forced convection is flow caused by external influences (wind, ventilators, etc.). Thermal radiation mechanism occurs when thermal energy is emitted similar to light radiation.

      Heat transfers through insulation material occur by means of conduction, while heat loss to or heat gain from atmosphere occurs by means of convection and radiation. Materials, which have a low thermal conductivity, are those, which have a high proportion of small voids containing air or gases. These voids are not big enough to transmit heat by convection or radiation, and therefore reduce the flow of heat. Thermal insulation materials come into the latter category. Thermal insulation materials may be natural substances or man-made.

II.   The Need for Insulation

A thermal insulator is a poor conductor of heat and has a low thermal conductivity. Insulationis used in buildings and in manufacturing processes to prevent heat loss or heat gain. Although its primary purpose is an economic one, it also provides more accurate control of process temperatures and protection of personnel. It prevents condensation on cold surfaces and the resulting corrosion. Such materials are porous, containing large number of dormant air cells. Thermal insulation delivers the following benefits: [1][2]

A.      Energy Conservation

Conserving energy by reducing the rate of heat flow (fig 1) is the primary reason for insulating surfaces. Insulation materials that will perform satisfactorily in the temperature range of -268°C to 1000°C are widely available.

Fig. 1: Thermal insulation retards heat transfer by acting as a barrier in the path of heat flow

B.      Personnel Protection and Comfort

A surface that is too hot poses a danger to people who are working in that area of accidentally touching the hot surface and burning themselves. To prevent this danger and to comply with the OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) standards, the temperatures of hot surfaces should be reduced to below 60°C (140°F) by insulating them. 

For more information Click Here

Impact of Boiler Water Chemistry on Waterside Tube Failures#IJIRST

IJIRST Journal published this paper in our journal. so kindly check it on our website.

Paper Title: Impact of Boiler Water Chemistry on Waterside Tube Failures

Abstract: This paper emphasis on the study of typical premature failure of water wall tubes of two thermal power plant boiler of same capacity (250 MW) and same operational parameter but with different boiler water chemistry.  The investigation concludes on the waterside corrosion in both of the case.  One boiler is running with coordinated phosphate treatment (CPT) and another with all volatile treatment (AVT).  The causes of corrosion were discovered and proposed measures for their elimination were given. Visual examination, chemical analysis of deposits, oxide scale thickness measurement and micro structural examination were carried to ascertain the probable cause/causes of failure. From the investigation, it was finally concluded that the combination of localized high tube metal temperature and wall thinning due to under deposit corrosion led to the premature tube failure in boiler running with coordinated phosphate treatment and localized pitting corrosion in boiler running with AVT. Based on the results and discussions, a possible way to combat the corrosion was proposed.

Keywords: Boiler Water Chemistry, Boiler Tube Failure, Caustic Gauging Corrosion, Pitting Corrosion, Boiler Deposits

I.       Introduction

Thermal power plants contribute about 75% to all India installed capacity of electric power generating stations. In worldwide energy sector, about 37% of electricity is produced by combusting coal [1-2]. Most of the Indian industrial boilers has been a prominent problem of boiler tube failure (BTF).  The tube failure causes loss in generation and which in turn responsible for massive economic loss. All type of boiler tubes have their defined life period and can fail due to various failure mechanisms. So, Successful and reliable operation of steam generating equipment needs the use of the best available methods to prevent scale and corrosion. In the boiler feed water cycle the ingress of contaminants, deposition of contaminants, and corrosion were found as the major carriers of potential problems who may have major role for the analysis of boiler tube failures. Failure can occur in all boiler areas: economizers, waterwalls, super-heaters (SH) and re-heaters (RH). Figure 1 shows simplified schematic of a coal fired sub critical boiler. The boiler tubes are of various sizes and thickness depending upon the pressure and mid wall metal temperature. According to the failures by location, water wall tubes are the second highest failure location after superheater tubes. However, according to the failures by material, carbon steel tubes statistically lead as the most frequent material causing failures. Correct tube material selection to resist the surrounding temperature is also one other decisive factor to stop the chances of BTF. Normally the water touched areas like economizer and waterwalls are made of boiler grade carbon steel. Superheater and reheater will have combination of low alloy tubes of stainless steels tubes. Figure 2[a] and [b] show the schematics of   heat transfer modes in the radiant and convective section of coal fired boiler. When the tube metal is in contact with the steam over period of time, the oxidation process may begin to form a layer of protective magnetite (Fe₃O₄) scale. Ferrous hydroxide [Fe (OH) ₂] is believed to be an intermediate in this process, converting to magnetite above 100°C according to the Schikorr reaction:

Fe + 2 H₂O → Fe (OH) ₂ + H₂

Followed by reaction:

3Fe (OH) ₂ → Fe₃O₄ + 2 H₂O + H₂

For more information Click Here

Validation of Failure of Beater Shaft of Double Roller Ginning Machine using Mathematical Failure Analysis Approach

Abstract:- A cotton gin is a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds, allowing for much greater productivity than manual cotton separation. The fibers are processed into clothing or other cotton goods, and any undamaged seeds may be used to grow more cotton or to produce cottonseed oil and meal. The cotton gin is a machine used to separate cotton fibers from the seed. The double roller ginning machine consists of various parts such as beater shaft, leather roller, moving knife, fixed knife, feeder, etc.         During the ginning operation the shaft fails at certain location. The actual failure position of shaft shown in fig no A was studied and the failure analysis using theories of failure was used to identify and validate the place or point of failure.

Keywords: Ginning machine, beater shaft, theories of failure, SFD, BMD, failure analysis

I.       Introduction

Ginning, in its strictest sense, refers to the process of separating cotton fibers from the seeds. The cotton gin has as its principal function the conversion of a field crop into a salable commodity. Thus, it is the bridge between cotton production and cotton manufacturing.  Ginning is the first and most important mechanical process by which seed cotton is separated into lint (fiber) and seed and machine used for this separation is called as gin. It consists of two spirally grooved leather roller pressed against a fixed knife, are made to rotate at about 90-120 rpm. Two moving blades combined with seed grids constitutes a central assembly known as beater which oscillates by means of a crank or eccentric shaft, close to the fixed knife. When the seed cotton is fed to the machine in action, fibers adhere to the rough surface of the roller are carried in between the fixed knife and roller in such a way that the fibers are partially gripped between them. The oscillating knife beats the seed and separates the fibers. This process is repeated for number of times and due to push-pull-hit action the fibers are separated from the seed, carried forward on the roller and dropped out of machine. The ginned seeds drop down through the grid which is oscillating along with beater.

Fig. 1: Double Roller Gin machine

The beater assembly is the innermost and major part of the double roller gin and is sandwiched symmetrically between the stationary knives as shown in fig.  It is composite unit consisting of moving knives and seed grids situated on the either side of the beater shaft. It has anchor shaped cross section and its axle is situated 100cm above ground and 15cm from each roller. Beater trough with perforations having concave edge with radius of 565cm and angle of 144 degree between two arms is provided to stop unginned cotton to fall down into seed chute.

http://ijirst.org/Article.php?manuscript=IJIRSTV2I3052

ijirst.org

This paper is published in our journal for more information go on above link.

Automatic Vs. Selective Criteria based Policy Network Extraction over Routers Data

Abstract:- Policy networks are generally utilized by political scientists and economists to clarify different financial and social phenomena, for example, the advancement of associations between political elements or foundations from diverse levels of administration. The examination of policy networks requires a prolonged manual steps including meetings and polls. In this paper, we proposed an automatic procedure for evaluating the relations between on-screen characters in policy networks utilizing web documents of other digitally documented information gathered from the web. The proposed technique incorporate website page information extraction, out-links. The proposed methodology is programmed and does not require any outside information source, other than the documents that relate to the political performers. The proposal assesses both engagement and disengagement for both positive and negative (opposing) performer relations. The proposed algorithm is tested on the political science writing from routers document database collections. Execution is measured regarding connection and mean square error between the human appraised and the naturally extricated relations.

Keywords: Policy Networks, Social Networks, Relatedness Metrics, Similarity Metrics, Web Search, Policy Actors, Link Analysis

I.       Introduction

The expression "network" is much of the time used to depict groups of various types of actor who are connected together in political, social or economic concerns. Networks may be loosely organized but must be capable for spreading data or participating in aggregate activity. The structure of these networks are frequently unclear or dynamic, or both. In any case developing such networks are required because it reflects how present day society, society and economy are related. Linkages between different organizations, have turned into the important aspect for some social scientists. The term policy network implies “a  cluster  of  actors,  each  of  which  has  an  interest,  or “stake” in a given…policy sector and the capacity to help determine policy success or failure” [1] on other words definition of a policy network, “as a set of relatively stable relationships which are of non-hierarchical and interdependent nature linking a variety of actors, who share common interests with regard to apolicy and who exchange resources to pursue these shared interests acknowledging that co-operations the best way to achieve common goals” [3]. Examiners of governance are often try to clarify policy results by examining that how networks, which relates between stakeholders over policy plan and point of interest, are organized in a specific segment. The policy networks are also acknowledged as to be an important analytical tool to analyze the relations amongst the actors who are interacting with each other in a selected policy area. Furthermore it can also be used as a technique of social structure analysis. Overall it can be said that policy networks provide a useful toolbox for analyzing public policy-making[2]. Although the policy networks are required for analysis of different relations however it is difficult to extract it because of the fact that policymaking involves a large number and wide variety of actors, which makes this taskvery time consuming and complex task.Considering the importance of policy networks and knowing that there is not any computational technique available for efficiently and automatically extracting the policy network in this paper we are presenting an efficient approach for it.

II.    Related work on policy network

The application of computational analysis for large sized datasetasgaining popularity in the recent past. Because of most of the relation documents are available in digital format and also it makes the process automated and fast. Since the policy networks is a kind of structure which presents the relations amongst the actors which are presented in documents as “name” or known words and the sentence in the text describes the relations between them hence the extraction technique in the basic form contains text data mining techniques, or it can be said that it is an extension of text and web mining, like Michael Laver et al [14] presented a new technique for extracting policy relations from political texts that treats texts not as sentences to be analyzed but rather, as data in the form of individual words. Kenneth Benoit et al [13] presented the computer word scoring for the same task. Their experiment on Irish Election shows that a statistical analysis of the words in related texts in terms of relations are well able to describe the relations amongst the parties on key policy considerations. They also evaluated that for such estimations the knowledge of the language in which the text were written is not required, because it calculates the mutual relations not the meaning of words. The WORDFISH scaling algorithm to estimate policy positions using the word counts in the related texts. This method allows investigators to detect position of parties in one or multiple elections. Their analysis on German political parties from 1990 to 2005 using this technique in party manifestos shows that the extracted positions reflectchanges in the party system very precisely. In addition, the method allows investigators to inspect which words are significant for placing parties on the opposite positions finally the words with strong political associations are the best for differentiate between parties. As already discussed that Semantic difference of documents are important for characterizing their differences and is also useful in policy network extraction. Krishnamurthy KoduvayurViswanathanet al [7] describe several text-based similarity metrics to estimate the relation between Semantic Web documents and evaluate these metrics for specific cases of similarity.Elias Iosif et al [6] presented web-based metrics for semantic similarity calculation between words which are appeared on the web documents. The context-based metrics use a web documents and then exploit the retrieved related information for the words of interest. The algorithms can be applied to other languages and do not require any pre-annotated knowledge resources.

III.  Similarity computation techniques in documents

Metrics that live linguistics similarity between words or terms will be classified into four main classes relying if information resources area unit used or not[5]:

-        Supervised resource based mostly metrics, consulting solely human-built data resources, like ontologies.

-        Supervised knowledge-rich text-mining metrics, i.e., metrics that perform text mining relying conjointly on data resources,

-        Unsupervised co-occurrence metrics, i.e., unsupervised metrics that assume that the linguistics similarity among words or terms will be expressed by associate association quantitative relation that could be a measure of their co-occurrence.

-        Unsupervised text-based metrics, i.e., metrics that square measure absolutely text-based and exploit the context or proximity of words or terms to cipher linguistics similarity.

The last 2 classes of metrics don't use any language resources or skilled data, each rely solely on mutual relations, hence in this sense, the metrics are brought up as “unsupervised”; no linguistically labeled human-annotated information is needed to calculate the semantic distance between words or terms.

Resource-based and knowledge-rich text mining metrics, however, use such knowledge, and square measure henceforward stated as “supervised” metrics. Many resource-based strategies are planned within the literature that use, e.g., Word-Net, for linguistics similarity computation.

This paper is published in our journal for more information about this paper go on to below link

http://ijirst.org/Article.php?manuscript=IJIRSTV2I2001

http://ijirst.org/index.php?p=SubmitArticle

Modeling of Student’s Performance Evaluation

Abstract:- We proposed a Fuzzy Model System (FMS) for student performance evaluation. A suitable fuzzy inference mechanism has been discussed in the paper. We mentioned how fuzzy principal can be applying in student performance prediction. This model can be useful for educational organization, educators, teachers, and students also. We proposed this model especially for first year students who need some extraordinary monitoring to their performance. Modeling based on the past academic result and on some information they earlier submitted for admission purposes.

Keywords: Fuzzy Logic, Membership Functions, Academic Evaluation

I.       Introduction

Success rate of any Educational Institute or Organization may depend upon the prior evaluation of student’s performance. They use different method for student’s performance evaluation usually any educational organization use grading system on the basis of academic performance especially higher education. We can involve other key points to evaluating student performance such as communication skill, marketing skill, leadership skill etc.

Performance evaluation can provide information. Information generated by evaluation can be helpful for students, teachers, educators etc. to take decisions.[6] In corporate field employers highly concern about all mentioned skill. If an educational institute involve other than academic performance for evaluation then it will be beneficial for students as well as organization also.

A.      Traditional Evaluation Method

Traditionally student’s performance evaluate done by academic performance like class assignment, model exams, Yearly etc. This Primary technique involves either numerical value like 6.0 to 8.0 which may call grade point average or 60% to 80% i.e average percentage. Some organization also using linguistic terms like pass, fail, supply for performance evaluation. Such kind of evaluation scheme depends upon criteria which are decided by experienced evaluators. So that evaluation may be approximate.

The objective of this paper is to present a model .which may be very useful for teachers, organization and students also. It helps to better understanding weak points which acts as a barrier in student’s progress.

B.      Method Used

Fuzzy logic can be described by fuzzy set. It provide reasonable method / technique through input and output process fig[1].Fuzzy set can be defined by class of object, there is no strident margins for object[1].A fuzzy set formed by combination of linguistic variable using linguistic modifier.

Linguistic Modifier is link to numerical value and linguistic variable [2]. In our work linguistic variable is performance and linguistic modifiers are good, very good, excellent, and outstanding.

For more information go to below link.

http://ijirst.org/Article.php?manuscript=IJIRSTV2I3022

http://ijirst.org/index.php?p=SubmitArticle

ijirst.org

New Camera Sensor Eliminates Need for Flash #IJIRST

#IJIRST - Impact factor 1.638

No flash? No problem. A new imaging sensor could soon make it possible for photographers to take clear, sharp photos, even in dim lighting.

for more detail click here: #IJIRST

Created by a team of researchers at Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in Singapore, the new sensor is highly sensitive to both visible and infrared light, which means it could be used in everything from the family Nikon to surveillance and satellite cameras.

IJIRST - IMPACT FACTOR 1.638

The sensor, which is 1,000 times more sensitive to light than the imaging sensors of most of today's cameras, gets this high photoresponse from its innovative structure.

main article of this post : click here

to get more information click here: 

360-Degree Infrared Vision : #IJIRST

Thermal Radar

Photograph by Ralph Smith

Michael Dortch was building video surveillance trailers for industrial parks in Colorado when his clients started asking for near-omniscient views of their properties. They wanted to see intruders in the dark from all angles, but such coverage required up to seven thermal infrared cameras and cost more than $100,000. So Dortch and a colleague spent four years developing a cheaper, more capable alternative. Their Thermal Radar system provides 360-degree infrared coverage that can spot people, fires, vehicles, and more.

main article : click here to view 

The heart of the invention is a single, spinning thermal sensor. Onboard processors constantly stitch images together for a refreshing panoramic video feed, and intelligent software finds threats.

A finished unit will cost about $16,000—many times cheaper than any system that comes close—and should be ready for its debut later this year. The first and biggest market will be corporate security. But the forest service, the Utah Department of Transportation, and even the Pentagon, Dortch says, also have his invention on their radar. how it works

Innovation Redefined... #IJIRST

Evolution of extreme parasites explained by scientists

Extreme adaptations of species often cause such significant changes that their evolutionary history is difficult to reconstruct. Zoologists at the University of Basel in Switzerland have now discovered a new parasite species that represents the missing link between fungi and an extreme group of parasites. Researches are now able to understand for the first time the evolution of these parasites, causing disease in humans and animals. The study has been published in the latest issue of the scientific journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

Parasites use their hosts to simplify their own lives. In order to do so, they evolved features that are so extreme that it is often impossible to compare them to other species. The evolution of these extreme adaptations is often impossible to reconstruct. The research group lead by Prof. Dieter Ebert from the Department of Environmental Science at the University of Basel has now discovered the missing link that explains how this large group of extreme parasites, the microsporidia, has evolved. The team was supported in their efforts by scientists from Sweden and the U.S.

Innovation Redefined. . . @IJIRST

Between fungi and parasite

The team of zoologists lead by Prof. Dieter Ebert has been studying the evolution of microsporidia for years. When they discovered a new parasite in water fleas a couple of years ago, they classified this undescribed species as a microsporidium, mostly because it possessed the unique harpoon-like infection apparatus (the polar-tube), one of the hallmarks of microsporidia. The analysis of the entire genome had several surprises in store for them: The genome resembles more that of a fungi than a microsporidium and, in addition, also has a mitochondrial genome. The new species, now named Mitosporidium daphniae, thus represents the missing link between fungi and microsporidia.

Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by Universität Basel. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

For more details click here: IJIRST